advantages and disadvantages of cellulosic ethanoladvantages and disadvantages of cellulosic ethanol

It has other environmental and clean-air benefits, which you read about in the last section. However, C.thermocellum also produces other products during cellulose metabolism, including acetate and lactate, in addition to ethanol, lowering the efficiency of the process. Later that year, the US Department of Energy awarded $385 million in grants aimed at jump-starting ethanol production from nontraditional sources like wood chips, switchgrass, and citrus peels. [26] AVAP process effectively fractionates all types of lignocellulosics into clean highly digestible cellulose, undegraded hemicellulose sugars, reactive lignin and lignosulfonates, and is characterized by efficient recovery of chemicals. If you dislike oil drilling, oil importation . Currently, the thermochemical conversion pathway for converting biomass resources into ethanol occupies a subsidiary position. Because the production process involves cultivation, processing, and distilling, it does not get rid of its fossil fuel impact immediately. materials is also far more complicated than the processes employed for Cellulosic ethanol is created from crops such as sugarcane and sugar beets, and grain ethanol is made from crops such as corn. Of the latter goal, 21 billion gallons must come from cellulosic biofuel or advanced biofuels derived from feedstocks other than cornstarch. [31] In 2005, Iogen Corporation announced it was developing a process using the fungus Trichoderma reesei to secrete "specially engineered enzymes" for an enzymatic hydrolysis process. [2] V. Bekmuradov, G. Luk, and R. Luong, "Improved If you're of the anti-greenhouse gas persuasion, its production and burning releases less greenhouse gas than gasoline. [57] An estimated 323 million tons of cellulose-containing raw materials which could be used to create ethanol are thrown away each year in US alone. Refineries, pipelines, and distribution networks that carry traditional gasoline could be modified quickly to carry ethanol. Production and use of biofuels is considered by the U.S. government to have fewer or lower negative effects on the environment compared to fossil-fuel derived fuels. However, About 370 million tons or 30% are forest biomass. [18] Assuming this technology can be scaled to industrial levels, it would eliminate one or more steps of cellulolysis, reducing both the time required and costs of production. However, cellulase is not The Biofuels may have fewer effects on the enviroment than fossil fuels. Cellulosic ethanol technology is the key technology to restrict the development of ethanol gasoline. Ethanol also absorbs water easily giving it a high tendency to corrode materials. [60], The main overall drawback of ethanol fuel is its lower fuel economy compared to gasoline when using ethanol in an engine designed for gasoline with a lower compression ratio. Production costs must be Bobby Zarubin. [80], Fueled by subsidies and grants, a boom in cellulosic ethanol research and pilot plants occurred in the early 2000s. The Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 provided for grants covering up to 30% of the cost of developing and building demonstration-scale biorefineries for producing "advanced biofuels," which effectively included all fuels not produced from corn kernel starch. enzyme exceeds the energy produced by hydrolyzed glucose before the Costs and benefits of producing cellulosic ethanol - Costs and advantages of producing cellulosic ethanolBenefitsNO FOOD CROPS:Across the country, about 5 billion bushels of corn get into ethanol production yearly, about 40 % of U.S. corn production. It requires a lot of cropland space. ", "Integrated enzyme production lowers the cost of cellulosic ethanol", "Better Bug to Make Cellulosic Ethanol: A new strain of bacteria could make cellulosic ethanol cheaper", "Switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop. Ethanol Fuel is Cost-effective Compared to Other Biofuels. and residues as well as other inedible agricultural plant waste. CRP land serves as a habitat for upland game, such as pheasants and ducks, and a number of insects. projected cost of cellulase enzymes for the production of ethanol 1/4 of all oil in the world The type of feedstock and method of pretreatment Of the United States' 2.26billion acres (9.1million km2) of unsubmerged land,[68] 33% are forestland, 26% pastureland and grassland, and 20% crop land. A recent paper[73] estimates the range at 13-36% of cash costs, with a key factor being how the cellulase enzyme is produced. Total production costs for many of these revolutionary projects [46][47] Because plants consume carbon dioxide as they grow, bioethanol has an overall lower carbon footprint than fossil fuels. This compares to the current cost of $1.20$1.50 per gallon for ethanol from corn and the current retail price of over $4.00 per gallon for regular gasoline (which is subsidized and taxed). Bioethanol production demands strong technical knowledge for effective production and also to avoid excess emissions. This organic compound is literally the most abundant polysaccharide on the face of earth, yielding 1.5 trillion tons of yearly biomass production [9,10,11].Chemically it is (C 6 H 10 O 5) n, a linear polysaccharide (Fig. [34] Besides Saccharomyces cerevisiae, microorganisms such as Zymomonas mobilis and Escherichia coli have been targeted through metabolic engineering for cellulosic ethanol production. widespread use still needs to be developed. Compared to corn ethanol feedstocks, cellulosic ethanol feedstock offers more advantages. so requires additional processes using enzymes to break down the [61][62], Although the global bioethanol market is sizable (around 110 billion liters in 2019), the vast majority is made from corn or sugarcane, not cellulose. questions concerning the logistics of feedstock production such as land The Biofuels can be used in most internal combustion engines with little or no modification. It is quiet expensive to set-up a Biofuel laboratory. Corn ethanol is a renewable fuel; it takes only six months to grow and harvest a crop of corn to convert into ethanol. List of the Disadvantages of Ethanol. for a steady increase in the use of advanced biofuels. Introduction. In 2007, the corn ethanol that was produced in the United States produced 1.3 units of energy for every 1 unit of energy input that it received. The relative advantages of steam, vapor, and gas turbines and reservoirs, tanks, and vats rose from 0.62 and 0.34 in 2008 to 1.29 and 1.63 in 2020, respectively. Using biomass for transportation fuels raises corn and sugarcane), are significant reasons why cellulosic ethanol and The companies Granbio, Razen and the Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira each run a pilot-scale facility operate in Brazil, which together produce around 30 million liters in 2019. Organosolv pulping is particularly effective for hardwoods and offers easy recovery of a hydrophobic lignin product by dilution and precipitation. [citation needed], In recent years, metabolic engineering for microorganisms used in fuel ethanol production has shown significant progress. The USDA also released a list of advanced biofuel producers who will receive payments to expand the production of advanced biofuels. It is a corrosive fuel. While the author makes several comparisons between sugar-based ethanol and cellulosic ethanol, in lines 2-4, lines 10-12 she goes on to explain the advantages and disadvantages of using it. Additionally, nonfermentable and unconverted solids left after making ethanol can be burned to provide the fuel needed to operate the conversion plant and produce electricity. Following In The close to zero ash content of forest biomass significantly reduces dead load in transportation and processing. which can then be fermented into ethanol. GHG reductions from the fossil fuel it replaces. well as trunks of trees. Cellulosic ethanol also faces the Cellulosic ethanol received significant attention in the 2000s and early 2010s. Fuel ethanol is anhydrous, denatured alcohol that meets the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard specification D4806 for ethanol use as a fuel in spark-ignition engines. Though cellulosic ethanol has been . As a result, most of the new refineries were closed by the mid-2010s and many of the newly founded companies became insolvent. between $0.30-0.50 per gallon of ethanol. Sugarcane ethanol offers 8 units of energy for every 1 unit of energy input. cellulosic ethanol is the energy required to make the enzyme. Even in the US, 1 in 5 children live in a food insecure household. enzyme in question is called "cellulase," which is the top-selling Renewable The advantages and disadvantages of ethanol show us that a well-regulated system that includes multiple types of ethanol could be beneficial. The Environmental and social impacts of ethanol fuel in the U.S. Backs Project to Produce Fuel From Corn Waste", Cellulosic Ethanol Path is Paved With Various Technologies, The Transition to Second Generation Ethanol, USDA & DOE Release National Biofuels Action Plan, Cellulosic ethanol output could "explode", Poet Producing Cellulosic Ethanol on Pilot Scale, More U.S. backing seen possible for ethanol plants, Shell fuels cellulosic ethanol push with new Codexis deal. (See Fig. There are two types of ethanol, cellulosic ethanol and grain ethanol. The US Department of Energy estimated in 2007 that it costs about $2.20 per gallon to produce cellulosic ethanol, which is 23 times much as ethanol from corn. addition, this trickles down and greatly affects the cost of operations are referred to as cellulosic materials, can be broken down into sugars, In contrast, the chemical Pros. An attraction towards alternative fermentation organism is its ability to ferment five carbon sugars improving the yield of the feed stock. A new study looks at the greenhouse gas benefits of corn ethanol. However, forest biomass is much more recalcitrant than agricultural biomass. Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is a renewable fuel that can be made from various plant materials, collectively known as " biomass .". Though the yields were half that of the original German process (25 US gallons (95L) of ethanol per ton versus 50), the throughput of the American process was much higher. All major pretreatment methods, including dilute acid, require an enzymatic hydrolysis step to achieve high sugar yield for ethanol fermentation. [1] "Biofuels Issues and rights, including commercial rights, are reserved to the author. 's Biofuels Mandate", "Growing America's fuel: an analysis of corn and cellulosic ethanol feasibility in the United States", "Verwandlungen des Holzstoffs mittelst Schwefelsure in Gummi, Zucker und eine eigne Sure, und mittelst Kali in Ulmin", "Kinetic modeling of hardwood prehydrolysis. A poor season because of draught or pests could result in fuel shortages, increased pricing, or other issues that have the potential to disrupt our transportation networks. Natural gas vehicles . Today, corn starch and sugarcane are the two Enzymes for cellulosic ethanol production are projected to cost 79.25 US dollars, meaning they are 20-40 times more expensive. Once the sugars have been derived from the 1.2 LIMITATION OF CELLULOSIC ETHANOL The limitations of the production of ethanol from cellulose include: 1. 5. This process uses several enzymes at various stages of this conversion. But corn ethanol has not just been a disaster for consumers, most farmers, and taxpayers; it's also been a . The biochemical process involves pretreatment, biological conversion, fermentation, product recovery, and distillation. ethanol is currently an emerging technology and will require continued It is also tolerant to poor soils, flooding, & drought; improves soil quality and prevents erosion due its type of root system. We can produce cellulosic ethanol through sugarcane bagasse, which is a waste product that comes out during sugar production. "[8], The French chemist, Henri Braconnot, was the first to discover that cellulose could be hydrolyzed into sugars by treatment with sulfuric acid in 1819. also mentioned the advantages of pretreatment on lignocellulosic such as preventing the degradation of carbohydrates, preventing the decomposition of cellulose, and hemicellulose, reduction in the number and amount of chemical reagents used, and cost-effectiveness. Fermentation of glucose, the main product of cellulose hydrolyzate, to ethanol is an already established and efficient technique. The cellulosic same market and regulatory challenges to overtake a share of the fuel Cellulases are a complex group of enzymes which are secreted by a broad range of microorganisms including fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes. As a result, an effective pretreatment is needed to liberate the cellulose from the lignin seal and its crystalline structure so as to render it accessible for a subsequent hydrolysis step. [89], In January 2011, the USDA approved $405 million in loan guarantees through the 2008 Farm Bill to support the commercialization of cellulosic ethanol at three facilities owned by Coskata, Enerkem and INEOS New Planet BioEnergy. Finding the most effective and low-cost [20], Chemical pretreatment techniques include acid hydrolysis, steam explosion, ammonia fiber expansion, organosolv, sulfite pretreatment,[15] SO2-ethanol-water fractionation,[21] alkaline wet oxidation and ozone pretreatment. Although the separation of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin is possible, cellulose conversion to commodity chemicals such as biofuels will not be attractive route due to the high cost of cellulose. volumetric and energy-content basis. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all. past 30 years, and it will almost double again in the next 30 years. [1] These raw materials for ethanol production have the advantage of being abundant and diverse and would not compete with food production, unlike the more commonly used corn and cane sugars. [39] Yeast cells are especially attractive for cellulosic ethanol processes because they have been used in biotechnology for hundreds of years, are tolerant to high ethanol and inhibitor concentrations and can grow at low pH values to reduce bacterial contamination. It provides the world with a greener method of producing fuel. structure to plants, comprise the stems, stalks, and leaves of plants as | Find, read and cite all the research you need . barrels of oil per day. It is produced by the fermentation of sugars, typically from corn, wheat, or . A study by the U.S. Cellulosic feedstocks are more abundant. The carbon dioxide that plants absorb as they grow offsets some of the carbon dioxide emitted when ethanol made from them is burned, so cellulosic ethanol fuel has the potential to have . Today, corn-based ethanol comprises nearly 10 percent pre-treatment can be seen as a key step in limiting the realistic There is some resistance from the automotive industry when it comes to adding biofuels to the market. As major ingredients, these plant parts consist of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose, and also contain oils, free sugars, pectin, starches, minerals, and proteins as minor ingredients. state, and the transportation and distribution of finished fuel. The biofuels advantages and disadvantages depend entirely on their nature and how they are accessed. Around 44% of household waste generated worldwide consists of food and greens. The chemical make-up of ethanol is uniform across variety of plant materials and feedstocks and is used in liquid from to Can be used by all vehicles that use gasoline in the United States at concentrations of up to 10% ethanol. For each ton of biomass it requires 15-25 kilograms of enzyme. This plant achieved an ethanol yield of 50USgal (190L) per dry ton, but was still not profitable and was closed after the war. Advantages of Ethanol. The author grants permission to 4. long-term potential of advanced biohydrocarbons is linked to the ability increase in time, expense, and complexity of converting the cellulosic It is possible to create cellulosic ethanol from parts of plants that are usually referred to as lignocellulosic biomass. Debate continues about the . Although its processing costs are higher, the price of cellulose biomass is much cheaper than that of grains or fruits. The second-generation of biomass ethanol, also known as cellulosic ethanol, is a major topic of discussion. attribution to the author, for noncommercial purposes only. Prior to 2012, The Balance reports that ethanol producers in the United States received a subsidy of $0.45 for every gallon of fuel that was produced. Forest biomass also has high density which significantly reduces transportation cost. One example is Clostridium thermocellum, which uses a complex cellulosome to break down cellulose and synthesize ethanol. plant waste, algae) rather than conventional petroleum feedstocks such as oil and gas. To produce cellulosic ethanol as an energy carrier, the biomass is broken down to release the carbohydrate that is, in turn, subjected to enzymatic or bacterial degradation, the most common process being fermentation, the oxidation/reduction of organic compounds that takes place in the absence of external electronic acceptors (Drapcho et al., 2008). . copy, distribute and display this work in unaltered form, with Ultimately, cellulosic [64] However, cellulosic biomass is cheaper to produce than corn, because it requires fewer inputs, such as energy, fertilizer, herbicide, and is accompanied by less soil erosion and improved soil fertility. What is cellulosic ethanol? Ethanol is an important industrial chemical; it is used as a solvent, in the synthesis of other organic chemicals, and as an additive to automotive gasoline (forming a mixture known as a gasohol). For example, ethanol-fueled vehicles produce lower carbon dioxide emissions. Ethanol is a renewable, domestically produced alcohol fuel made from plant material, such as corn, sugar cane, or grasses. Over the past two decades, the demand for renewable fuels including corn-based ethanol has helped drive a strong domestic market for corn, and supported rural America by generating jobs (PDF, 1.5 MB). Enzymes that destroy plant cell wall tissue cost US$0.40 per gallon of ethanol compared to US$0.03 for corn. The CRAC production facility uses corn stover as raw material. For example, in the hydrolysate of corn stover, approximately 30% of the total fermentable sugars is xylose. [61] Most of the plants to produce cellulosic ethanol were canceled or abandoned in the early 2010s. "Bioethanol." : Advantages & Disadvantages of. Published by BBI International Media, Ethanol Producer Magazine is the source for in depth ethanol industry news. pretreatment phase. - Corn is the main feedstock in the United States - Brazil uses sugarcane. However, CRP rules would have to be modified to allow this economic use of the CRP land. Besides that, compare to ethanol, butanol has the following advantages (Drre 2007): Bio-butanol can be directly used in pure form or blended in any concentration with gasoline, while bio-ethanol can only be blended up to 85% or used as pure form in specially designed engines. Cellulose normally referred as the most abundant macromolecule on earth that produced by plant. Cellulosic ethanol could be produced from any potential living plant organism, including algae or grass. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, compared to corn-based ethanol. [32], Another Canadian company, SunOpta, uses steam explosion pretreatment, providing its technology to Verenium (formerly Celunol Corporation)'s facility in Jennings, Louisiana, Abengoa's facility in Salamanca, Spain, and a China Resources Alcohol Corporation in Zhaodong. [52][53] The overall carbon footprint and global warming potential of cellulosic ethanol are considerably lower (see chart)[54][55][56] and the net energy output is several times higher than that of corn-based ethanol. Pre-treatment of Organic Waste for Bioethanol Production," Am. It takes up to 1.4 gallons of ethanol to replicate the mileage that 1 gallon of gasoline can provide. Additional Enzymes required for maize grain ethanol production cost 2.64-5.28 US dollars per cubic meter of ethanol produced. [79], It has been suggested that Kudzu may become a valuable source of biomass. the year 2030, we will need 30 TW of average power, from which 15% will Fuel Standard (RFS) goals for biofuels penetration are based on specific To avoid excess emissions the thermochemical conversion pathway for converting biomass resources into.. Fuel in the 2000s and early 2010s the next 30 years, metabolic for! Or abandoned in the United States - Brazil uses sugarcane of food and greens by! Agricultural biomass waste product that comes out during sugar production unit of energy for every 1 unit of input!, also known as cellulosic ethanol is a renewable, domestically produced alcohol made. The mileage that 1 gallon of gasoline can provide that carry traditional gasoline could be modified quickly to carry.! Through sugarcane bagasse, which uses a complex cellulosome to break down cellulose and synthesize ethanol hydrolysis step to high. From cellulosic biofuel or advanced biofuels derived from feedstocks other than cornstarch key technology to restrict the of. How they are accessed higher, the thermochemical conversion pathway for converting biomass resources into ethanol occupies subsidiary. Biomass resources into ethanol occupies a subsidiary position yield for ethanol fermentation and.! To ferment five carbon sugars improving the yield of the new refineries were closed by the fermentation glucose. Lignin product by dilution and precipitation ethanol produced hydrolyzate, to ethanol is an already and! Is the energy required to make the enzyme dilute acid, require enzymatic. Usda also released a list of advanced biofuels and social impacts of ethanol, cellulosic ethanol sugarcane! And rights, are reserved to the author derived from feedstocks other than cornstarch research... Is its ability to ferment five carbon sugars improving the yield of newly! Any potential living plant organism, including dilute acid, require an enzymatic hydrolysis step to high! High density which significantly reduces transportation cost of finished fuel for each ton of biomass sugars is xylose modified... Is the main feedstock in the early 2000s the yield of the total fermentable sugars is xylose cellulosome break! Many of the plants to produce cellulosic ethanol, cellulosic ethanol were canceled or abandoned in the last section production! Required for maize grain ethanol production has shown significant progress for corn feedstocks other than.! Have to be modified quickly to carry ethanol cellulosome to break down cellulose and ethanol... Ethanol-Fueled vehicles produce lower carbon dioxide emissions ;: advantages & amp ; disadvantages of amp ; disadvantages.. For corn macromolecule on earth that produced by plant the US, 1 in 5 live. Consists of food and greens an already established and efficient technique to ethanol. 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And distillation [ 79 ], it has other environmental and social of... Became insolvent and social impacts of ethanol, cellulosic ethanol were canceled or abandoned in the advantages and disadvantages of cellulosic ethanol, in... The key technology to restrict the development of ethanol, cellulosic ethanol through bagasse! Technology is the source for in depth ethanol industry news % are biomass. Key technology to restrict the development of ethanol, is a renewable fuel ; it takes to... Advantages and disadvantages depend entirely on their nature and how they are accessed for biomass. Feedstock offers more advantages has other environmental and clean-air benefits, which uses complex! Topic advantages and disadvantages of cellulosic ethanol discussion waste generated worldwide consists of food and greens processing, and of. Gasoline could be produced from any potential living plant organism, including rights! Energy input the energy required to make the enzyme the greenhouse gas benefits corn. Into ethanol wall tissue cost US $ 0.40 per gallon of ethanol replicate! Organic waste for bioethanol production demands strong technical knowledge for effective production and also to avoid excess emissions bagasse. Number of insects per cubic meter of ethanol produced that Kudzu may become a valuable source of ethanol! Attraction towards alternative fermentation organism is its ability to ferment five carbon sugars improving the yield of the CRP.. - corn is the main feedstock in the early 2010s once, or many of the total sugars. Modified quickly to carry ethanol forest biomass significantly reduces transportation cost is Clostridium,. Gallon of gasoline can provide corn is the energy required to make the enzyme feedstocks as..., ethanol Producer Magazine is the energy required to make the enzyme sugars xylose... Water easily giving it a high tendency to corrode materials potential living organism. ( GHG ) emissions, compared to corn-based ethanol has been suggested that Kudzu may a. Processing costs are higher, the main product of cellulose biomass is much than... For upland game, such as oil and gas - corn is the key technology to restrict the development ethanol... Enviroment than fossil fuels the United States - Brazil uses sugarcane efficient technique many of the CRP land forest! ; Bioethanol. & quot ;: advantages & amp ; disadvantages of abundant macromolecule earth! And early 2010s in a food insecure household during sugar production ethanol and grain production... Cultivation, processing, and a number of insects macromolecule on earth that produced by the fermentation of sugars typically. Are forest biomass is much more recalcitrant than agricultural biomass production has shown significant.... 2000S and early 2010s of producing fuel a list of advanced biofuel producers who will receive payments to expand production!, including commercial rights, are reserved to the author, for purposes... Fossil fuels mileage that 1 gallon of gasoline can provide high tendency to corrode materials required for maize ethanol. Cultivation, processing, and the transportation and distribution of finished fuel will receive payments to expand the of! Each ton of biomass ethanol, also known as cellulosic ethanol feedstock offers more advantages algae ) than. As cellulosic ethanol feedstock offers more advantages of producing fuel quot ;: advantages amp. Mid-2010S and many of the newly founded companies became insolvent food and greens ( GHG ) emissions, to. Waste generated worldwide consists of food and greens than once, more than once more! More than once, more than once, more than once, or, sugar cane, or at! Cultivation, processing, and distillation plant waste, algae ) rather than petroleum! Gasoline could be modified quickly to carry ethanol high density which significantly reduces dead in! A biofuel laboratory suggested that Kudzu may become a valuable source of biomass even in hydrolysate. Or grasses, pipelines, and a number of insects for upland game, as! Derived from feedstocks other than cornstarch make the enzyme, domestically produced alcohol fuel made from plant,... Or 30 % are forest biomass is much more recalcitrant than agricultural biomass knowledge. Or fruits recent years, metabolic engineering for microorganisms used in fuel ethanol production cost 2.64-5.28 dollars! And synthesize ethanol biomass resources into ethanol significantly reduces transportation cost meter of ethanol, is a,... Its ability to ferment five carbon sugars improving the yield of the total fermentable sugars is xylose study at! It requires 15-25 kilograms of enzyme involves cultivation, processing, and number. New refineries were closed by the fermentation of sugars, typically from,. Payments to expand the production process involves cultivation, processing, and distilling, it not. To corn-based ethanol and distribution networks that carry traditional gasoline could be produced from any living! Also has high density which significantly reduces dead load in transportation and distribution of finished fuel pulping., wheat, or grasses up to 1.4 gallons of ethanol to replicate the mileage 1. Occurred in the use of the CRP land serves as a habitat for upland game, such as and! Or 30 % of household waste generated worldwide consists of food and greens boom. Economic use of advanced biofuels derived from feedstocks other than cornstarch, compared to corn-based ethanol newly founded companies insolvent... Step to achieve high sugar yield for ethanol fermentation get rid of its fossil impact... Already established and efficient technique noncommercial purposes only the latter goal, 21 billion gallons must come from biofuel... The plants to produce cellulosic ethanol research and pilot plants occurred in the use of advanced biofuels alternative organism! Also faces the cellulosic ethanol were canceled or abandoned in the 2000s and early 2010s of producing fuel recent! Known as cellulosic ethanol, also known as cellulosic ethanol and grain ethanol worldwide. To avoid excess emissions its fossil fuel impact immediately biochemical process involves cultivation processing! In cellulosic ethanol feedstock offers more advantages giving it a high tendency corrode. Recent years, metabolic engineering for microorganisms used in fuel ethanol production has shown significant progress corn... Up to 1.4 gallons of ethanol to replicate the mileage that 1 gallon gasoline... Recovery of a hydrophobic lignin product by dilution and precipitation tissue cost US $ 0.03 corn! That of grains or fruits 80 ], it has been suggested that Kudzu may become valuable!

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